Organic+Chemistry

Organic Nomenclature:

Functional Groups Hydrocarbon Functional Groups Isomers

 Oragnic Chemistry is dominated by functional groups. Functional groups are the specific groups of the atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In Organic Chemistry Functional groups are very important and should be memorized. Alcohols: hydrogen is replaced with a hydroxyl group (OH). Alcohols are more soluble in water than most organic compounds. The suffix for alcohol is -ol.
 * __Functional Groups__**:

Organic Acids: hydrogen is replaced with a carboxyl group (COOH). The suffix for an organic acid is -oic acid.

Halides: one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halide (F, CL, Br, I). In this case you add the respective prefix to the halide.Ex. Chloromethane.

Amines: hydrogen atom is replaced by an amino group (NH2). Also with amines you add a prefix, amino-. Ex. aminomethane.

Aldehydes: carbonyl group (C=O) connects to at least one hydrogen atom. For aldehydes add the suffix -al.

Ketones: contains a carbonyl group (C=O), much like an aldehyde, except the carbon in the carbonyl group is not connected to any hydrogen atoms. For ketones use the suffix -one.

Ethers: an oxygen atom serves as a link in a hydrocarbon chain. For ethers add the word "ether".

Esters: an ester group (COO) serves as a link in a hydrocarbon chain. For esters use the suffix -oate.



For more info on organic nomenclature and a VIDEO click [|here] and [|here.]

__Hydrocarbon Functional Groups:__**
 * 

Alkanes: Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which there are only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms. The general formula for Alkanes is CnH2n+2, where "n" is the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Ex.



Alkenes: Alkenes are hydrocarbons in which there is at least one double covalent bond between the carbon atoms. The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where "n" is the number of carbon atoms in the chain. Ex. Ethylene



Alkynes: Alkynes are hydrocarbons in which there is at least one triple covalent bond between the Carbon atoms. The general formula for Alkynes is CnH2n-2, where "n" is the number of carbon atoms in the chain.Ex. Ethyne





Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula. In organic chemistry, it is common to find two or more molecules with the same molcular formula, but with different arrangements of atoms and different chemical properties. For instance, ethanol and dimethyl ether are isomers because each compound contains 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. Ex.
 * __Isomers:__**



Note: the postion of the oxygen atom differs between the three structures.

This is an interesting song explaining organic chem. It's a little fast so you really have to listen. [|Click here for the video.]